![]() Sophisticated derivatives of the classical QCM, such as rupture event scanning, the use of extraordinary high frequency crystals, and electrochemical QCM, clearly reveal the advantages of combining multiple techniques to realize new detection schemes on the basis of piezoelectric resonators. Piezoelectricity (also called the piezoelectric effect) is the appearance of an electrical potential (a voltage, in other words) across the sides of a crystal when you subject it to mechanical stress (by squeezing it). ![]() The broad field of analytical applications of piezoelectric sensors is covered, which ranges from nucleic acid detection, immunosensors, protein-membrane interactions and monitoring cells by imprinted polymers to the viscoelastic response of living mammalian cells on QCM-resonators. Interface circuits and the study of viscoelasticity and micromechanics as well as surface roughness with the QCM are discussed. Piezoelectric sensors, on the other hand, can act both as sensors and actuators, eliminating the need to embed extra exciter in the structure for an active monitoring. Its basic principal, at the risk of oversimplification, is as follows: whenever a structure moves, it experiences acceleration. ![]() The fourth volume of the Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors includes a comprehensive theoretical treatment and current state-of-the art applications of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The piezoelectric sensor is used for flex, touch, vibration and shock measurement. Chemically and biologically functionalized piezoelectric sensors are attractive alternatives to surface-sensitive transducers due to their surpassing versatility.
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